Prevalence of Phantom Pain in Patients with Lower Limb Amputation in District Swabi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Phantom limb pain is a complex phenomenon experienced by many individuals following amputation. It is often described as painful sensations perceived in the absent limb, with varying intensity and duration. PLP not only affects the physical well-being of amputees but also has psychological and social consequences that can compromise overall quality of life. Despite its clinical importance, limited data are available on the prevalence and severity of phantom limb pain in lower-limb amputees within District Swabi. Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of phantom limb pain among lower-limb amputees in District Swabi using the McGill pain questionnaire. Methodology: Following the approval of the research proposal by the relevant institute, ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Ethical Committee of NCS University, Swabi campus. This investigation employed a cross-sectional study design, and data were collected over six months from lower-limb amputees experiencing phantom pain in District Swabi. Informed consent was secured from participants, and a total of 250 individuals aged 20 years who had undergone amputation were initially enrolled consecutively. Written information about the study was provided to all eligible amputees across different areas of Swabi, including the Chal Foundation Swabi and District Headquarters Hospital Swabi. The McGill pain questionnaire was administered, and informed consent was obtained before participants completed the survey. The qualitative variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Of the 180 participants, 5 (2.8%) reported mild phantom pain, 64 (35.6%) experienced moderate pain, 105 (58.3%) were categorised as having severe pain, and 6 (3.3%) reported extreme phantom pain. The majority of participants, particularly females, were observed to be suffering from severe phantom pain following lower-limb amputation. Conclusion: It concludes that phantom limb pain is highly prevalent among lower-limb amputees in District Swabi, with most individuals reporting a moderate to severe level of pain. These emphasise the need for improved clinical awareness, effective pain management strategies, and larger-scale studies to develop targeted interventions aimed at reducing the burden of phantom limb pain in amputee populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".