Not hibernation ecology, but size matters—arousal metabolism of European bats in caves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Small endotherms have high rates of heat loss and, at low temperatures, require large amounts of energy to maintain stable body temperatures via endogenous heat production. To maintain energy balance during winter, many temperate-zone bats rely on hibernation. Although bats spend most of their time during hibernation at low body temperatures, most of their energy budget is allocated to costly arousals. We compared temporal and metabolic parameters of rewarming among four hibernating European bat species to test the hypothesis that hibernation ecology and body size influences the energetics of rewarming. We predicted that smaller species would have greater relative energy expenditure during arousals because of their higher rates of heat loss. Consistent with our prediction, two of the three parameters we measured (i.e., maximum rate of mass-specific oxygen consumption (VO2) during arousal and area under the mass-specific VO2 curve) were higher in the smaller species, although there was no difference in the time of peak mass-specific VO2. The results suggest that the duration of rewarming does not differ between the four studied species, but relative to their body size, smaller bats use more energy during arousal than larger bats, highlighting the importance of body size for energy demands during hibernation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".