An Adaptive Kalman-Guided Soft Sensor Using Feedforward Neural Networks for SOC Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation is crucial for ensuring the battery's safe operation and prolonged lifespan, but it remains a challenge due to sensor noise and system nonlinearity. This paper proposes a novel covariance-adaptive hybrid approach that interprets neural network outputs as virtual measurements and dynamically integrates them with the a priori state predictions from a Discrete Kalman filter to yield refined a posteriori estimates. The introduced adaptive scheme uses exogenous inputs derived from spectral analysis to provide past information to the Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) to perform soft sensing and generate network-aided measurements. The novel processing occurs after this step by adaptive integration with Kalman filter results. The developed hybrid architecture is tested on real experimental battery datasets for LG 18650 HG2, and the results prove its superior performance against existing state-of-the-art algorithms. Experimental results averaged over twenty Monte Carlo trials demonstrated nearly 28% and 39% improvement in the mean absolute error and root mean square error, respectively, compared to the baseline results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".