Structural brain differences in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed uninfected
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced perinatal HIV transmission, leading to a growing population of children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected (CHEU). While the neuroanatomic developmental impacts of in utero HIV and ART exposure have been studied in young children, long-term effects on school-aged children are poorly understood, prompting this investigation. Methods Fifty-eight CHEU and 38 children who are HIV-unexposed, uninfected (CHUU), 6–12 years old, were recruited through hospitals and community groups in Ontario, Canada. From T1-weighted magnetic resonance images, volume, cortical thickness, and gray-/white-matter tissue volume were extracted. Multiple linear regression models controlling for sex, age, household income, and total brain volume were fit to assess differences by in utero HIV exposure, with additional sex-stratified analyses to uncover sex-specific effects. Results Compared with CHUU, CHEU showed total brain volumes that were significantly smaller by 49.7cm3 (95% CI [− 95.66, − 3.67]) and cortices thinner by 0.08 mm (95% CI [− 0.13, − 0.02]). In male CHEU, three regions displayed volumetric age-exposure interactions: the bilateral pars opercularis at 0.36 cm3/year (95% CI [0.10, 0.62]), left rolandic operculum at 0.22 cm3/year (95% CI [0.04, 0.39]) and left precentral gyrus at 0.71 cm3/year (95% CI [0.22, 1.21]), suggesting delayed maturation in those regions. Bilateral frontal lobe cortical thickness was reduced by 0.07 mm in CHEU (95% CI [− 0.14, − 0.006]), most pronounced in the left orbital middle frontal gyrus with a reduction of 0.20 mm among male CHEU (95% CI [− 0.32, − 0.07]). An age-exposure interaction of 0.06 cm3/year in bilateral amygdala volume (95% CI [− 0.11, − 0.01]) suggested reduced growth or altered developmental trajectory among CHEU, whereas male CHEU showed bilateral hippocampal volumes diminished by 0.21 cm3 (95% CI [− 0.40, − 0.01]). Conclusions These findings suggest that in utero HIV and ART exposure have broad neuroanatomic developmental impacts, particularly in boys, with significant differences in brain regions critical for motor function, expressive language, memory, and emotion. These structural differences align with previously reported motor and language deficits and highlight the importance of early intervention and tailored support strategies for CHEU.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".