Surge history and dynamics of Fisher Glacier, Yukon, 1948–2022
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Remotely sensed datasets indicate that Fisher Glacier underwent two surges since 1948: during approximately 1969–72 and 2013–16. These were characterized by an advanced terminus position (terminus-wide average advance 571 ± 143 m from 1963 to 1972 and 868 ± 8 m from 2014 to 2017), intense surface crevassing (up to >30 km up-glacier from the terminus during both surges), high surface velocities and a down-glacier transfer of mass. The intervening quiescent phase lasted for 40 years, during which velocities were generally low (<50 m a −1 ), but underwent a slow multidecadal increase starting around 1985, spreading from the middle of the glacier. A pre-surge buildup phase beginning around 2008 resulted in velocities of up to ∼200 m a −1 . The active phase of the surge initiated in winter 2013/14, with velocities of up to 1500 m a −1 propagating both up- and down-glacier from the mid-glacier region. In July 2016, the surge rapidly terminated within a period of ∼1 month. Characterized by a rapid onset and termination, but also displaying a multidecadal acceleration prior to the surge, the cause of Fisher Glacier’s surges may be best explained by a unifying framework such as the enthalpy balance theory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".