Surge history and dynamics of Fisher Glacier, Yukon, 1948–2022
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Remotely sensed datasets indicate that Fisher Glacier underwent two surges since 1948: during approximately 1969–72 and 2013–16. These were characterized by an advanced terminus position (terminus-wide average advance 571 ± 143 m from 1963 to 1972 and 868 ± 8 m from 2014 to 2017), intense surface crevassing (up to >30 km up-glacier from the terminus during both surges), high surface velocities and a down-glacier transfer of mass. The intervening quiescent phase lasted for 40 years, during which velocities were generally low (<50 m a−1), but underwent a slow multidecadal increase starting around 1985, spreading from the middle of the glacier. A pre-surge buildup phase beginning around 2008 resulted in velocities of up to ∼200 m a−1. The active phase of the surge initiated in winter 2013/14, with velocities of up to 1500 m a−1 propagating both up- and down-glacier from the mid-glacier region. In July 2016, the surge rapidly terminated within a period of ∼1 month. Characterized by a rapid onset and termination, but also displaying a multidecadal acceleration prior to the surge, the cause of Fisher Glacier’s surges may be best explained by a unifying framework such as the enthalpy balance theory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".