Investigating the Modulation of Corticomotor and Neuromuscular Function by Contralateral and Ipsilateral Experimental Pain Applied During Cycling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain can impair exercise performance, but its influence on motor control, in particular the effect of robust experimental pain on the timecourse of corticomotor responses throughout prolonged, exhaustive cycling, remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that an augmented experimental pain intervention applied to exercising and non‐exercising limbs would modulate neuromuscular function, corticospinal excitability and inhibition, and exacerbate perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise. Ten healthy adults (two females) completed three single‐leg cycling sessions at 60% peak power output to failure: without experimental pain (CTRL), with intermittent occlusions applied to the resting leg (CONTRA), and with occlusions upon the exercising leg (IPSI). Every 5 min, single‐ and paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations were applied during cycling to assess corticospinal excitability () and short‐ and long‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI). Participants also performed 5‐s isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) coupled with superimposed and resting femoral stimulations. Perceptual responses and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded throughout exercise. Time to failure was blunted in CONTRA (37.2 ± 13.1 min, p = 0.015) and IPSI (27.1 ± 11.4 min, p = 0.003) compared to CTRL (61.1 ± 21.5 min). Though they declined across time, MVC force, voluntary activation, and resting twitch force did not differ across conditions. While was similar, SICI was higher in CONTRA (p < 0.001) and LICI was higher in CONTRA but lower in IPSI (p = 0.02) than CTRL. Both conditions upregulated pain in the affected leg and exacerbated ratings of fatigue and effort (p < 0.001), while IPSI increased ventilation. Experimental pain augmented perceptual responses without impairing neuromuscular function, but the site of application can oppositely modulate cortical inhibition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".