Tusks, testosterone and personality in male Asian elephants ( <i>Elephas maximus</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Male Asian elephants exhibit phenotypic diversity in tusk development, with long, short and tuskless bulls varying in frequency among different populations. Although the factors that maintain tusk variation in Asian elephants remain unclear, tusks are considered a secondary sexual characteristic probably influenced by sexual selection. In this study, we examined the relationship between tusk diversity, faecal testosterone metabolite (FTM) and personality in male Asian elephants aged 5-60 years living in semi-captive conditions within their native habitat in Myanmar. Males with different tusk types did not display differences in FTM levels or in scores for the three main personality factors, but there were some distinctions in the trait loadings within each factor: attentiveness, activity and dominance loaded more strongly for long-tusk males, while traits like obedience, slowness and aggression showed stronger associations in short-tusk males. Our study suggests that the differences between long- and short-tusk males in testosterone levels and personality traits were, respectively, negligible and nuanced, emphasizing the complexity of tusk expression and evolution in Asian elephants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".