Effects of Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae and Lotmaria passim on antimicrobial peptide expression in the digestive tract of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae and Lotmaria passim are two commonly encountered digestive tract parasites of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). Although these parasites are associated with colony losses, little is known regarding how they affect the bee humoral defense response, particularly at the level of the digestive tract where the parasites are found. Using locally-obtained parasite isolates, the effects of both single and mixed V. ceranae and L. passim infections on the bee humoral defense response were evaluated at the digestive tract level by quantifying the expression of three antimicrobial peptides (apidaecin, defensin-1, hymenoptaecin) at five timepoints post-infection. Parasite density was also monitored in digestive tract tissues at these five timepoints to determine if the parasites, particularly L. passim, have distinct host tissue preferences. In general, it was found that bees do not elicit distinct humoral defense responses within the digestive tract in response to infection with either single or mixed V. ceranae and L. passim infections. Increased L. passim density in hindgut tissues compared to midgut tissues at each of the five timepoints suggests a hindgut preference for the parasite. Interestingly, for bees that received mixed infections, both L. passim and V. ceranae densities were elevated in hindgut tissues, suggesting that there could be an interaction occurring between the two parasites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".