Exploring the effects of exercise on T cell function and metabolism in cancer: a scoping review protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The global burden of cancer is escalating, and improved strategies for disease prevention and treatment are needed. The immune system, particularly T cells, plays a crucial role in cancer surveillance and eradication. Immunotherapy strategies that leverage the anti-cancer T cell response have significantly advanced therapeutic approaches to cancer treatment. Exercise is a lifestyle factor that naturally stimulates and strengthens the immune system. This interaction may not only be linked to the benefits of exercise in decreasing cancer risk and increasing survival but may also have the potential to be harnessed to enhance current forms of immunotherapy. Central to the exercise-immune system axis and anti-cancer control are T cells, yet little is known about how exercise might influence their function and metabolic fitness. Objective: We propose a scoping review with the aim to understand and summarize the current literature on the effects of exercise on T cell function and metabolism in cancer, identifying potential key mechanisms, impacts on therapeutic applications, exercise modalities, and associated outcomes. Methods: This scoping review will be conducted according to the methodology for scoping reviews laid out by JBI. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will be followed. Experimental studies involving i) humans OR mammals and ii) examinations of T cell function and metabolism, and iii) exercise interventions, and iv) in the context of cancer will be included. Results: Data search, screening and extraction will take place from June 2025-December 2025. Preliminary searches conducted while developing the initial search strategy resulted in an estimated ∼700-1000 titles and abstracts for initial screening. Conclusion/Implications/Dissemination: The proposed scoping review will be submitted for publication upon completion. The potential findings hold profound implications for future research in this field, providing mechanistic insights into the exercise-immune system axis that can be leveraged to enhance immune-based approaches for cancer prevention, treatment, and long-term survivorship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".