Developmental Trajectories of Anxiety Subtypes from Childhood to Early Adolescence: the Role of Parenting Practices and Maternal Distress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study was embedded in an Asian birth cohort to (a) investigate the trajectories of specific anxiety subtypes from middle childhood to early adolescence, (b) compare developmental trajectories by child sex, and (c) examine their associations with caregiving factors including parenting practices and maternal distress. Data from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort were analyzed (N = 547; 52.8% boys; 57.3% Chinese, 27.8% Malay, 14.7% Indian, 0.2% other ethnicities). Subtype-specific anxiety symptoms were repeatedly assessed via child-report at ages 8.5, 10, and 13 years. Parenting behaviors and maternal distress levels were measured via observed measures and parental report at age 6 years. We found subtype and sex-specific changes in anxiety symptoms across multiple timepoints using linear mixed effects models. Social anxiety symptoms increased with age, with a greater rate of increase in girls. Obsessive-compulsive and harm avoidance symptoms declined with age, with a slower rate of decrease in girls. Furthermore, parental autonomy support was associated with lower rates of increase in children's social anxiety symptoms while maternal anxiety and stress levels were linked to greater increase in generalized anxiety, physical, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Our findings identify the transition from childhood to adolescence as a vulnerable period for the escalation of social anxiety symptoms, particularly for girls. Additionally, we underscore the significant role of early caregiving practices and maternal mental health for the development of anxiety symptoms into adolescence, identifying focal targets for family-centered intervention programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".