Re‐Epithelialisation in a Yorkshire Pig Full‐Thickness Excisional Wound Model Is Associated With Keratinocyte Activation, Oxidative Stress, and Biomacromolecule Oxidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pig skin represents the best analogue for human skin both anatomically and physiologically, with this model used extensively for pre-clinical testing of therapeutics and biomaterials. However, the molecular processes underlying re-epithelialisation in pigs are still not well described compared to murine models. Our objective was to characterise the re-epithelialisation process in porcine full-thickness excisional wounds in Yorkshire pigs. Immunohistochemistry markers for keratinocyte differentiation, activation and oxidative stress were used at 7 days and 28 days post-wounding, and in healthy control skin to characterise protein expression. We show at day 7, re-epithelialisation is associated with reduced cytokeratin 10, E-cadherin and filaggrin and an increase in cytokeratin 14, cytokeratin 16 and cytokeratin 17. At day 28, cytokeratin 16 remained expressed, but cytokeratin 14 only associated with basal keratinocytes and cytokeratin 10 with suprabasal keratinocyte layers. At day 7, both phospho-nuclear factor kappa B and the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 show nuclear translocation at the wound edge, which is attenuated by day 28. Concomitant with these observations, we show that re-epithelialisation is associated with guanosine oxidation, protein nitration, and lipid peroxidation at both day 7 and 28. Our observations confirm the baseline expression profile of keratinocytes during normal healing of full-thickness excisional wounds in Yorkshire pigs. Characterisation of similar markers in human healing will improve our understanding of the validity of the Yorkshire pig model for use in the testing of therapeutics for impaired skin healing in humans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".