Evaluating the Contribution of Asian Aerosol Emissions to the North Atlantic Warming Hole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Over the past century, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) has decreased, resulting in the North Atlantic warming hole. While anthropogenic aerosols (AAs) have been linked to this phenomenon, the specific role of remote Asian AAs remains unclear. Using an ensemble of fully coupled experiments with idealized radiative forcing, we reveal a two-stage response of upper-ocean temperature in the SPNA to increased Asian AAs. The initial, fast response is characterized by anomalous warming in the northern SPNA, delaying the warming hole. This fast warming arises from the suppression of turbulent heat flux losses driven by anomalous easterly winds, with mean ocean circulation and downwelling Rossby waves contributing to its westward propagation. On longer time scales, the initial warming transitions into a widespread cooling across the SPNA, resembling the observed warming hole. This cooling is primarily driven by a reduction in northward heat transport due to a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, as well as the anomalous southward transport of Labrador cold water. The two-stage modulation of North Atlantic warming hole (NAWH) by Asian AAs is supported by models with different configurations. Our findings suggest that regional AA emissions may play a nonnegligible role in modulating air–sea interactions over the North Atlantic, serving as one contributing factor to the evolution of the warming hole.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".