Assessing the Efficacy of Risk Communication on the Knowledge, Awareness, and Beliefs of Human Papillomavirus among Women in Tanzania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To assess the efficacy of risk communication on the awareness, knowledge, and beliefs of HPV and its link to cervical cancer among women aged 25 to 49 in Tanzania as well as to explore the association between HPV awareness and demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: This study was conducted among women aged 25 to 49 recruited from the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre. Women were offered HPV self-sampling after risk communication via verbal explanation, an educational video on cervical cancer and HPV, as well as an animation that explains the process of HPV self-sampling. If HPV self-sampling was accepted, participants completed an exit survey to assess their knowledge, awareness, and beliefs about cervical cancer, HPV, and the relationship between the two after performing the procedure. If HPV self-sampling was declined, participants would have completed a different survey used to investigate the reasons for declining the procedure. Results: A total of 150 women were recruited and self-collected an HPV self-sample. The exit survey had a 100% response rate. Few women (34.2%) reported having heard of HPV, with no significant difference between rural and urban areas. More than 80% of women in both rural and urban populations did not know that a positive screening test does not mean cancer, that there are outpatient treatments that can help prevent the progression of HPV into cervical cancer, and that HPV infections can be asymptomatic. There was a significant association between education level and awareness of HPV (p=0.002). Conclusion: The knowledge and awareness of HPV and its link to cervical cancer was poor among both the urban and rural population groups even after risk communication was performed. These results reflect the need to gain the perspectives of the women to both optimize and determine the efficacy of risk communication.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".