The effectiveness of intervention with omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexenoic acid in peripheral arterial disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are routinely recommended as a lifestyle modification for preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is not clear if any omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid formulations are favourable for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). DATA SYNTHESIS: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration ID CRD42022336641) was conducted to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on functional outcomes in people with PAD. Studies reporting any dose of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation versus placebo were assessed by two independent reviewers. Data including study design, number, age and sex of participants, period of assessment, diagnosis method for PAD, inclusion and exclusion criteria, method and formulation of omega-3 supplementation were analysed. Risk of bias was determined using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Of 1067 citations, 12 studies (n = 759 patients) met the predefined inclusion criteria. Supplementation of EPA, or EPA + DHA did not alter the primary outcome measures of pain-free walking distance, maximal walking distance; ankle brachial index, or flow mediated vasodilation versus placebo. There were no changes in secondary outcomes of circulating inflammatory markers, cholesterol, or blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Mixed omega-3 fatty acids, especially in low doses, are not effective in reducing symptoms of PAD. However, there is insufficient evidence to rule out effectiveness of specific omega 3 formulations, particularly for high-risk populations. Therefore, it is recommended that a large scale, randomised control trial with high dose EPA is conducted in patients with PAD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".