Promoting circular systems in electric vehicle batteries: A use-oriented business model with sharing economy and reverse logistics integration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rising demand for Electric Vehicle Batteries (EVBs) necessitates circular business models to mitigate their end-of-life environmental impacts. A use-oriented product-service system (PSS) enhances resource efficiency and battery circularity by shifting from product ownership to service-based solutions. However, stakeholders such as vehicle and battery manufacturers face adoption challenges due to methodological complexity, limited transparency, weak collaboration, and insufficient understanding of use-oriented approaches. This study identifies enabling factors of the sharing economy to integrate a use-oriented business model for EVBs. Using morphological and content analysis, it develops a structured framework built on four value dimensions: value proposition, value co-creation, value delivery, and value capture. The findings show that applying these values and their configuration types can foster sustainable transportation, enhance circular systems, and support resource availability. The framework also incorporates reverse logistics to recover and reuse scarce materials contained in EVBs, thereby advancing circularity. By emphasizing partnerships, it provides both a conceptual tool for companies to design rental and service-based offerings and a practical strategy for supporting the sustainable growth of lithium-ion batteries while meeting rising demand..
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".