Sleep patterns of Canadian women across the life course: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of poor sleep is increasing. Women and men have different sleep needs, and uniquely female life transitions, such as the perinatal period and menopause, are associated with further differences in sleep patterns. In Canada, sleep disparities across socioeconomic groups are profound, but sleep research rarely differentiates between women and men. OBJECTIVES: To examine the current evidence on the sleep quality and quantity of Canadian women using a life course perspective, drawing comparisons to men's sleep where possible, and to identify correlates associated with poor sleep to help determine avenues for improving women's sleep health. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in August 2024 to identify observational studies examining the relationship between sleep and potential correlates. Community-based studies set in Canada with exclusively female participants, or those in which results were stratified by sex, were included. Risk of bias was assessed using tools developed by the CLARITY group at McMaster University. Outcomes were summarized narratively. RESULTS: Fifty-five studies (including 25,952,718 total participants) were included. Among children and adolescents, short sleep was associated with poorer biopsychosocial health, particularly among girls. Sleep was affected by the menstrual cycle, and sleep difficulties were more prevalent among adult women than men. The perinatal period was fraught with sleep disturbances that influenced key aspects of motherhood. Sleep dissatisfaction was prevalent among perimenopausal and older women. CONCLUSION: Canadian women have different sleep patterns than men, and their sleep is negatively affected in uniquely female life transitions. Poor sleep is influenced by, and impacts, women's health and behaviors. Characterizing these differences is an important step toward improving sleep health, and thus overall well-being, for women. Future research would benefit from further exploration of the role of social determinants of health and sleep. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42024582007.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".