Daily Dietary Sodium Intake Among Clinical Trial Participants Recruited From a University Health System or a Federally Qualified Health Center: Secondary Analysis of Baseline Participant Characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Efforts to improve diversity in clinical trials often prioritize recruitment based on broad demographic factors. This approach may overlook the influence of community context and health-related social needs on health behaviors, including sodium intake, a key modifiable risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of enrollment site, sociodemographic factors, and health-related social needs on baseline dietary sodium intake among participants in a mobile health clinical trial aimed at lowering blood pressure. Methods: The myBPmyLife study is a prospective, randomized controlled trial evaluating a mobile health intervention to lower blood pressure through increased physical activity and lower sodium food choices. Participants with hypertension were recruited from a university health system and a federally qualified health center (FQHC). All participants completed a validated sodium screener at enrollment. Sociodemographic data and health-related social needs were self-reported. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations between sodium intake and participant characteristics. This analysis presents a cross-sectional examination of the baseline characteristics of participants enrolled in the myBPmyLife study. Results: Among 600 included participants, 96 (16.0%) were from the FQHC. Mean age was 60.1 (SD 13.5) years; 48.2% (289/600) were women, and 13.0% (78/600) were Black. FQHC participants were significantly younger (mean age 47.9, SD 11.1 vs 62.5, SD 12.7 years), more likely to be Black (43/96, 44.8% vs 35/504, 6.9%), and 8.5 times more likely to have difficulty paying for their health-related social needs. Mean baseline sodium intake was 3082.3 (SD 1072.5) mg/day, with 85.5% (513/600) of participants exceeding the World Health Organization's recommended daily sodium limit. Baseline sodium intake was significantly higher for FQHC participants (mean difference 381.1, SD 1064.2 mg/d; 95% CI 84.5-677.7; P=.01), men (mean difference 543.9, SD 1038.3 mg/d; 95% CI 377.3-710.5; P<.001), Black participants (mean difference 442.5, SD 1043.4 mg/d; 95% CI 119.7-765.3; P=.008) and those with difficulty affording basic needs (mean difference 338.1, SD 1066.7 mg/d; 95% CI 95.2-581.0; P=.02). Sodium intake was lower in older participants (-196.4 mg/d per 10 years; 95% CI -258.0 to -134.9; P<.001). In a multivariable analysis, age, gender, and race remained independently associated with sodium intake, while differences by site and health-related social needs were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Differences in sodium intake were observed across sociodemographic groups. While the enrollment site was not independently associated with sodium intake after adjustment, it played a role in shaping the participant population, evidenced by the differences in demographics and health-related social needs among participants based on enrollment site. These findings underscore the importance of recruiting from distinct clinical settings to capture a range of contextual factors that influence health behaviors. Clinical trials aiming for representativeness should consider both individual- and community-level factors during recruitment to more accurately inform interventions and health outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".