Intralesional Botulinum Toxin A for Keloid Treatment: A Review of Efficacy, Safety, and Clinical Applications
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Keloids are fibroproliferative disorders characterized by excessive scarring, functional impairment, and aesthetic concerns. Despite the availability of various treatments, recurrence rates remain high, highlighting the need for alternative therapies with favorable safety profiles. Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) has emerged as a potential option for keloid treatment; however, its therapeutic role is still not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BTX-A in the treatment of keloids through a structured review of available literature. Methods: This literature review was conducted from three scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. The following keywords used were "botulinum toxin", "BTX-A", "botulinum toxin A", and "keloids". Original studies published in English between 2014 and 2024 that involved human subjects and investigated the use of BTX-A in the treatment of keloids were included. Results: A total of eleven randomized controlled trials were included in this review. Of these, eight studies reported statistically significant improvements in keloid characteristics such as height, pliability, and vascularity following intralesional BTX-A treatment, as measured by validated scales like the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). Two studies demonstrated comparable efficacy between BTX-A and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TAC). Adverse events were rare and generally limited to mild local reactions. In addition, BTX-A has been shown to be safe for use as a keloid therapy even in the pediatric population. Conclusion: BTX-A showed satisfactory efficacy and safety. In addition, BTX-A showed significant improvement in subjective symptoms in keloid lesions, making BTX-A a promising alternative option for keloid therapy.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it