Trifluoroacetic Acid in Australian Human Urine Samples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a terminal degradation product of numerous industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides, has been shown to be increasing in concentration in environmental media. However, very limited information is available on levels and trends in humans. TFA was analyzed in deidentified pathology urine samples from Australia, which were pooled by collection year, age, and sex using a direct-injection ion-chromatography method. TFA was detected in all samples ( n = 70 pools, 6040 individuals), ranging from 3.4 to 300 μg/L, with a median of 24 μg/L. Significantly higher concentrations were found in older (>45–60 and >60 years) compared to younger groups (>5–45 years). Concentrations increased with age in children (from <1 to <5 years). Mean concentrations from >5 to >60 years for 2012/2013, 2014/2015, and 2020/2021 did not differ significantly, suggesting that exposures have not changed over that period. The high detection frequency and relatively high concentrations found in this study indicate high chronic exposure to TFA in Australia, consistent with ubiquitous TFA in food, household dust, and drinking water reported in other countries. Many questions remain regarding trends over longer periods, variations with age, and sources of TFA exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".