Development of pectin from durian rind for application as functional ingredient and cryoprotective agent in frozen foods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Durian rind pectin effectively retard ice crystal growth. • Durian rind pectin pH 2 exhibits strong antioxidant activity. • Durian rind pectin pH 2 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. • Durian rind pectin pH 2 and pH 4.5 do not exhibit cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7. Durian rind pectin, a sustainable polysaccharide sourced from agricultural waste, offers a valuable avenue for converting by-products into functional ingredients. This research investigated pectin extracted from Monthong durian ( Durio zibethinus ) at pH 2 and pH 4.5, comparing its cryoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties with commercial pectin. FTIR analysis confirmed characteristic carboxyl groups, with peak shifts indicating higher DE at lower pH. Pectin whiteness decreased with increasing pH. DSC analysis showed that pectin at pH 2 reduced ice content to 46.42 % compared with 51.12 % in commercial pectin and 52.35 % in sucrose, while unfreezable water increased to 23.23 % compared with 18.53 % and 17.65 %, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed a smooth surface for the extracted durian rind pectin. Bioactivity assays showed significant antioxidant activity; pectin at pH 2 displayed the greatest effect. Additionally, both the pH 2–extracted pectin and the commercial pectin exhibited potential anti-inflammatory activity, reducing nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages without detectable cytotoxicity. These results suggest that durian rind pectin extracted at pH 2 holds considerable promise for retarding ice crystal growth and exhibiting both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".