Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most amino acids contain a chiral center and thus, can exist as L- and D-isomers. For many years, it was thought that only the L-isomers were present in mammals. However, in recent decades it has been demonstrated that D-isomers are also present. Three of these amino acids, namely D-serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine, have been proposed to play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia via interactions with glutamate receptors. D-Serine and D-alanine act at the glycine modulatory site on the NMDA receptor, while D-aspartate acts at the glutamate site on the same receptor. D-aspartate also acts on the mGlu5 receptor and can stimulate glutamate release presynaptically. Preclinical studies have reported that manipulations to reduce brain levels of D-serine, D-aspartate, or D-alanine lead to schizophrenia-relevant behaviors, and clinical studies have reported reduced levels of these D-amino acids in the brain tissue (postmortem) and/or body fluids from schizophrenia patients compared to those noted in controls, although there are some contradictory findings. The possible use of these amino acids and/or the manipulation of their relevant enzymes in the treatment of schizophrenia are described. D-Cysteine has been identified recently in human brain tissue, with the highest values in white matter; demonstration of its involvement in brain development has led to speculation that it could be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, identifying it as a potential therapy in combination with antipsychotics. Future directions and potential problems that should be considered in studies on D-amino acids and their relevant enzymes in schizophrenia are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".