Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most amino acids contain a chiral center and thus, can exist as L- and D-isomers. For many years, it was thought that only the L-isomers were present in mammals. However, in recent decades it has been demonstrated that D-isomers are also present. Three of these amino acids, namely D-serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine, have been proposed to play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia via interactions with glutamate receptors. D-Serine and D-alanine act at the glycine modulatory site on the NMDA receptor, while D-aspartate acts at the glutamate site on the same receptor. D-aspartate also acts on the mGlu5 receptor and can stimulate glutamate release presynaptically. Preclinical studies have reported that manipulations to reduce brain levels of D-serine, D-aspartate, or D-alanine lead to schizophrenia-relevant behaviors, and clinical studies have reported reduced levels of these D-amino acids in the brain tissue (postmortem) and/or body fluids from schizophrenia patients compared to those noted in controls, although there are some contradictory findings. The possible use of these amino acids and/or the manipulation of their relevant enzymes in the treatment of schizophrenia are described. D-Cysteine has been identified recently in human brain tissue, with the highest values in white matter; demonstration of its involvement in brain development has led to speculation that it could be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia, identifying it as a potential therapy in combination with antipsychotics. Future directions and potential problems that should be considered in studies on D-amino acids and their relevant enzymes in schizophrenia are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".