Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on physicochemical properties and drying behavior of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasonic treatment offers promising potential for improving wood drying efficiency and permeability, yet its effects on the coordinated structural and drying responses of different species remain underexplored. This study assessed the impact of 1-5 h ultrasonic treatments (320 W, 40 kHz) on the physicochemical properties, pore structure, permeability, and drying behavior of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla. Results showed that ultrasonic pretreatment did not alter cellulose crystallinity type but reduced crystallinity and free hydroxyl content, while increasing mass loss, microfibril angle, and hygroscopic dimensional stability. With increasing treatment time, cell double wall thickness initially decreased and then stabilized, and Shore hardness declined across all three sections. SEM and MIP analyses revealed that ultrasound gradually disrupted pit membranes, increased the proportion of macro- and mesopores, total pore volume, and porosity, thereby enhancing gas permeability. Treatments of 1-4 h showed the most significant improvements, while excessive treatment (5 h) led to structural collapse or pore closure. Permeability was enhanced by up to about 63 % and 60 % in radial and tangential directions of C. lanceolata, and by about 42 % and 33 % in E. grandis, respectively. Drying time was shortened, and drying rate and diffusion coefficient were increased, while volumetric shrinkage was reduced. Drying rates were raised by about 10 % and 13 % after 2 h (C. lanceolata) and 4 h (E. grandis) treatments, respectively. However, bound water was found to be less responsive to ultrasonic stimulation than free water. These findings provide a theoretical and practical basis for optimizing ultrasonic parameters to improve the drying performance and permeability modification of fast-growing plantation wood.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".