A Meta‐Analysis on the Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Endothelial Function in Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vitamin D is recognized as a key regulator of endothelial function, and its deficiency has been implicated in the development of endothelial dysfunction, a critical contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have revealed the benefits of vitamin D on endothelial function, but the results are inconclusive. This meta‐analysis of RCTs aimed to assess the effects of vitamin D on endothelial function. A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted and covered all records from database inception through May 2025. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Thirty‐one RCTs comprising 35 intervention arms with 3252 patients were included. Findings indicated no significant changes in terms of endothelial function following vitamin D administration including measures such as flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) (SMD = 0.36; 95% CI: −0.11, 0.83, p = 0.131), augmentation index (AIx) level (SMD = −0.12; 95% CI: −0.33, 0.10, p = 0.293), pulse wave velocity (PWV) (SMD = −0.09; 95% CI: −0.25, 0.07, p = 0.258), and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) (SMD = −0.78; 95% CI: −1.79, 0.22, p = 0.125). However, subgroup analysis revealed that patients with chronic kidney disease showed a significant improvement in PWV following vitamin D supplementation. The present meta‐analysis demonstrated no significant impact of vitamin D treatment on endothelial function. However, heterogeneity in study populations, baseline vitamin D status, dosage, and intervention duration may have influenced the outcomes. Further well‐designed trials are warranted to illustrate its effects on vascular health in large scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".