Investigating primary school educators’ insights into attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A cross sectional study in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schoolteachers play an integral role in the diagnosis and management of students with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Despite its increased importance in Ghana, no study has been conducted to assess the knowledge and misperceptions of Ghanaian schoolteachers about ADHD. This study thus aimed to evaluate schoolteachers' level of knowledge and misperceptions about ADHD. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among teachers from eleven primary schools in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana from February to July 2023. A validated and self-administered questionnaire, comprising a demographic questionnaire and the Knowledge of Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (KADDS), was used to collect data on participants' sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, and misperceptions about ADHD. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed on the data using SPSS version. 26. Statistical significance was set at p = 0.05. The study included 170 participants, the majority being female (62.4%). The average percentage of knowledge regarding ADHD general knowledge, symptoms/diagnosis, and treatment was 32.29%, 40.92%, and 31.32%, respectively. The overall proportion of correct, incorrect, and "do not know" responses was 34.90%, 23.40%, and 41.70%, respectively. Common misconceptions included the belief that children with ADHD often outgrow the condition and that reducing dietary sugar alleviates symptoms. Educational background (p = 0.037), prior ADHD training (p = 0.005), and experience teaching an ADHD child (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with higher knowledge scores. There is a need for childhood mental health training among teachers and further research in this field in Ghana.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".