tACS-combined motor training for the rehabilitation of the upper limb in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: A randomized, sham-controlled trial protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) commonly face gross motor function impairments and manual dexterity deficits, significantly affecting their activity level and independence and, ultimately, quality of life. Rehabilitation often targets improving manual dexterity and activity levels, but standard therapies have limited efficacy. Hence, exploring novel methods to enhance upper limb functionality is crucial. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), by delivering currents oscillating at specific frequencies syncing with the brain's electrical rhythms, has been demonstrated to modulate neural oscillations and motor behavior. METHOD: This randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, pre-post test study involves 44 children and adolescents (6-17 yo) with CP treated in pairs, which will be randomly allocated to the experimental or control group receiving, respectively, active or sham fronto-cerebellar tACS delivered at the individual gamma frequency. After tACS, both groups will undergo bimanual training, including lower extremities (HABIT-ILE). Primary outcome measures will include the Assisting Hand Assessment, Box and Block Test, and a Visuomotor Task administered via computer for manual visuomotor control evaluation. Secondary outcomes will encompass the Children's Hand Experience Questionnaire, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function, Gross Motor Function Measure, Vineland version 2, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and EEG power recorded in fronto-central regions at rest before (at T0), soon after (at T1), and 3 months after the end of (T2) the training. Safety and tolerability will be assessed by pre- and post-tACS recordings of oxygen saturation and heart rate, along with self-report questionnaires on sensations and side-effects. DISCUSSION: This study investigates whether an intensive HABIT-ILE program combined with fronto-cerebellar gamma tACS can boost training effects on manual dexterity in children and adolescents with CP, while ensuring safety and tolerability throughout the intervention period. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06372041.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".