Anabolic and anticatabolic actions of ketone bodies on skeletal muscle: potential relevance in the management of skeletal muscle wasting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Skeletal muscle loss is a hallmark of aging, disease, and physical inactivity, with few effective treatments. Ketone bodies are lipid-derived molecules whose endogenous production is substantially amplified under conditions characterized by carbohydrate deprivation (e.g. fasting, a ketogenic diet). Orally ingested ketone supplements are now available that can rapidly induce a pronounced state of ketosis lasting hours without dietary carbohydrate restriction. Historically, ketone bodies have been hypothesized to spare muscle protein during starvation. Recently, their potential anabolic and anticatabolic effects on skeletal muscle have garnered renewed research and clinical interest. This review examines emerging evidence on ketone body administration and its influence on skeletal muscle protein turnover and related signaling, with consideration for therapeutic application in muscle wasting and rehabilitation. RECENT FINDINGS: Oral ketone supplementation has been shown to enhance postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in healthy young males. Under inflammatory catabolic conditions, ketone bodies may also promote a favorable net protein balance via suppression of muscle protein breakdown (MPB). SUMMARY: Ketone body administration may attenuate MPB and stimulate MPS, suggesting potential utility in counteracting muscle wasting. However, further studies are needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms and assess long-term effects on muscle mass and function in clinical settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".