Optimizing rock glacier activity classification in South Tyrol (northeastern Italy): integrating multisource data with statistical modelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. As a consequence of atmospheric warming, high-altitude periglacial and glacial environments exhibit clear signs of cryosphere degradation, and the Alps serve as a natural laboratory for studying the primary effects on permafrost-related features. Our research in South Tyrol, northeastern Italy, aimed to develop an updated classification system, based on remote sensing data and statistical models, for rock glacier activity, categorizing it as active, transitional, or relict according to the new Rock Glacier Inventories and Kinematic (RGIK) guidelines. While the current regional inventory includes activity attributes based on morphological observations and differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) coherence, it lacks a comprehensive classification that also considers climatic drivers, displacement rates, and morphometric parameters. To fill this gap, we utilized the Alaska Satellite Facility's interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) cloud computing, employing the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) and Miami InSAR time-series software in Python (MintPy) algorithms to extract velocity data for each rock glacier investigated in this study. Additionally, we analysed geomorphological and climatic maps derived from in situ and remote sensing data to obtain descriptive parameters influencing rock glacier development and activity. From a wide range of potential variables, we selected eight key predictors, representing physical (e.g. temperature), morphological (e.g. roughness), and dynamic attributes (e.g. velocity and coherence indicators). These predictors were integrated in a multiclass generalized additive model (GAM) classifier to categorize the mapped landforms. Applying this model to the entire dataset (achieving an area under the curve (AUC) over 0.9) allowed us to address gaps in previous classification methods and provided activity attributes for previously unclassified rock glaciers, along with associated uncertainty values. Our approach enhanced the previous classification, leaving only 3.5 % of features unclassified compared to 13 % in morphological classification and 18.5 % in the DInSAR-based method. The results revealed a predominance of relict features (∼75 %) and a smaller number of active ones (∼10 %). The result of the distribution of active, transitional, and relict classes suggests that the transition from active to relict states is not direct. Instead, an intermediate transitional phase is commonly observed. This comprehensive approach refines the categorization of mapped features and improves our understanding of the factors influencing rock glacier activity in the alpine environment in South Tyrol.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".