Unilaterally Rotating Vertebrae: A Unique Movement Behaviour Arising from Wedged Intervertebral Discs in Scoliosis Condition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scoliosis condition wedges the intervertebral discs.Once wedged, the core (nucleus pulposus) of a disc migrates permanently off the centre of the annulus fibrosus.In severely wedged discs, the core is pushed all the way towards a limit of its range of motion.As such, these discs hypothetically may lose their capability of wedging further as they cannot surpass the limit.However, this is yet to be studied.On a dataset of X-rays of 9 scoliotic patients, we studied the rotations of 126 vertebrae with respect to their inferior vertebrae.The rotations were measured for lateral movements towards four different positions in the coronal plane.We found that almost half of the vertebrae, irrespective of the spine movement direction, always rotate in the same direction.For example, in both left and right bending spine movements, these vertebrae rotate only towards one side (either left or right), while the rest can rotate both leftwards and rightwards following the spine movement direction.Such unilateral rotational behaviour can have significant indications for scoliosis surgery simulations.In surgery, the spine is subject to high forces to be straightened and a scoliosis model that does not support this unique behaviour may overestimate the spine straightness and produce misleading predictive information, negatively affecting the surgery planning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".