Heavy metals and natural radioactivity concentration in soils from selected mining areas in Bosso local government, Niger State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Activity concentration of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) and Heavy Metals (HMs) concentration in the soil samples of two artisanal mining areas in Bosso local government, Niger State, were estimated using gamma spectrometry with NaI(TI) detector and flame atomic absorption spectro-photometry. The mean activity concentration of 40K ranged from 250± 7 to 433± 6 Bq kg-1 in the soil samples. 226Ra ranged from 12± 0.5 to 25± 2 Bq kg-1 , and 232Th ranged from 25± 2 to 11± 1 Bq kg-1 . The Annual effective dose (AED) ranged from 26.02 to 39.54 μSv/year and the absorbed gamma dose rate ranged from 21 to 32.24 nGy/year. The results suggest that the soil radioactivity in the study area, although enhance by the mining and farming activities, are not significant to cause harm to human health considering that the effective doses estimated were lower than the world average of 70 μSv/year recommended by UNSCEAR, 2000. The radium equivalent (Raeq), internal hazard index (Hin), and external hazard index (Hex) were estimated and their mean fell within the acceptable limit recommended by ICRP, 2007. The HM concentration of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Fe in the soils were evaluated and their associated health risk were estimated. The results, when compared with the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (CEQG) indicated that all the metals were far below the standards and the soil samples from the artisanal mining sites are said to be safe for building and construction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".