Flow field around the encapsulated droplets on impact-driven liquid-liquid encapsulation: Effect of interfacial layer and impact Weber number
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study visualized the complex flow dynamics around the encapsulated droplets generated by impact-driven liquid-liquid encapsulation. In our experiment, a core drop is dispensed from a needle tip and penetrates the interfacial layer formed on a host liquid, resulting in the formation of a drop encapsulated by the interfacial layer. While the hydrodynamics of the encapsulation process significantly influence the morphology and stability of the droplet, detailed knowledge of the surrounding flow field remains scarce. To fill this gap, we conducted comprehensive flow measurements using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry, capturing the flow field during the encapsulation process—impact, interfacial penetration and necking, and cargo separation. Our findings reveal that both velocity and vorticity distributions exhibit similar trends, regardless of the presence of the interfacial layer. Furthermore, we explored the effect of the impact Weber number, revealing that the flow field in encapsulation cases can be categorized into three distinct types based on time series vorticity data obtained from the drop's wake. These insights advance the understanding of the encapsulation process and offer a new framework for analyzing flow behaviors in liquid-liquid systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".