Route Choice of Spanish Adolescent Walking Commuters: A Comparison of Actual and Shortest Routes to School
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A growing body of scientific literature emphasizes the role of the built environment in shaping commuting behavior among adolescents. However, the comparison of the built environment on adolescents’ route choice remains underexplored. A total of 317 Spanish adolescents participated in the study, of whom 67 adolescents provided a valid GPS-identified walking route between home and school (54.5% girls; mean age = 14.4 ± 0.7 years). Built environment variables—including residential density, number of intersections, land use mix, number of services, number of visible services from the route, street width, walkability, park area, elevation gain, elevation loss, and topographic cost—were measured using 3.28.8 QGIS software. A paired-sample analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the sign test to compare the actual route with the shortest available route. The results showed a deviation of 63.96%. Comparisons between the actual routes and the shortest ones revealed a statistically significant difference in the number of intersections (p = 0.009) and topography cost (p = 0.050). Likewise, a significant trend was found with the residential density (p = 0.080). These findings suggest that in this case study, the built environment plays an important role in adolescents’ decision-making when choosing routes for commuting to school. Some urban planning and design recommendations were given to address the results from a school built-environment-oriented approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".