Different sources and dosages of zinc oxide and copper influence growth performance and intestinal health of post-weaning piglets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In pig production, weaning is a critical period where piglets face several environmental stressors. This transition leads to a significant growth reduction and can result in digestive disorders, including diarrhea. To formulate a feed that meets zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) requirements during the weaning period while minimizing their release into the environment, it became evident that a more bioavailable micro-mineral supplement is necessary. This project aimed to evaluate two sources of Zn (standard oxides and potentiated oxide (ZnO)) and Cu (sulphate and monovalent Cu), on the growth performance, intestinal health (inflammation, barrier function, mucosal stress), and microbiota abundance and composition of weaned piglets. At weaning (21 days), 135 piglets were selected. The experimental diets were composed as follows: basal diet with the addition of: 1) Negative control (NC): 150 mg/kg ZnO and 150 mg/kg Cu (sulphate); 2) Positive control (PC): 2,600 mg/kg ZnO and 150 mg/kg Cu (sulphate); 3) SpEU: 150 mg/kg potentiated form of ZnO (HiZox) and 150 mg/kg monovalent Cu oxide (CoRouge); 4) SpCA: 300 mg/kg potentiated ZnO and 150 mg/kg monovalent Cu. The experimental diets were provided for 14 days (phase 1) post-weaning. Subsequently, all piglets received the same diets for phase 2 (14-28 days) and phase 3 (28-42 days). Piglets were weighed at weaning and on days (d) 14, 28, and 42. At d7 and d14, blood was collected for intestinal health status marker analyses. At d14, fecal samples were collected to assess the effects on microbiota, calprotectin, and neopterin. In the first phase, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.001) resulted in higher outcomes in the PC group. Feed conversion was higher in the SpEU and SpCA groups (P = 0.002). For the overall performance, however, highest ADG were observed in both the PC and SpCA groups (P = 0.001). The citrulline was found to be higher in the NC group (P = 0.002). The diamine oxidase was higher in SpCA than PC group (P = 0.008). Zinc concentrations in feces and serum were higher for PC treatment (P = 0.001, P = 0.037, respectively). From the results it was possible to confirm the positive effects of the administration of 300 mg/kg of the potentiated ZnO and 150 mg/kg monovalent copper oxide could be a valid substitute of pharmacological ZnO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".