Characteristics of Lower Extremity Kinematics, Kinetics, and Muscle Activity in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability During Landing With Expected and Unexpected Inversion Perturbations: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate whether alterations in the lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity of individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) occur during landing with expected and unexpected inversion perturbations. METHODOLOGY: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies up to November 30, 2024. Comparative studies investigating the characteristics of lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity in individuals with CAI compared with healthy controls were included. Two independent reviewers extracted the data. Certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) approach. SYNTHESIS: Thirteen studies involving 207 patients with CAI and 215 healthy controls were included. Individuals with CAI exhibited increased activity of the tibialis anterior muscle before landing (SMD = 0.28 and 95% CI: 0.03-0.54). The delayed activation of the peroneus longus muscle (SMD = 1.35 and 95% CI: 0.90-1.80) and increased co-contraction index in the sagittal plane (SMD = 0.41 and 95% CI: 0.06-0.77), ankle inversion angle (SMD = 0.56 and 95% CI: 0.30-0.81), ankle inversion range of motion (SMD = 0.83 and 95% CI: 0.42-1.24), and knee extension moment (SMD = 0.71 and 95% CI: 0.32-1.11) were observed after landing. Besides, subgroup analysis revealed that the anticipation of perturbations influenced muscle activation patterns, with significant differences in peroneus longus latency and coactivation indices. CONCLUSION: Patients with CAI may present differences in lower extremity biomechanics during expected and unexpected inversion-perturbed landings compared with healthy controls. The results of this work may have clinical implications in the development of more effective and targeted rehabilitation programs for individuals with CAI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024615006.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.029 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.015 | 0.021 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".