The influence of evaporation on the cooling small cup of hot water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the cooling of hot water in a standard small paper cup, commonly used for serving coffee or tea. The cup height is 105 mm, and the paper wall thickness is 0.45 mm. Water properties and density are treated as temperature-dependent. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, coupled with a large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence framework, predicts convection and conjugate heat transfer throughout the cooling process. A key contribution is the implementation of advanced boundary conditions for both the cup’s sidewall and the water-air interface. A custom submodel integrated into the commercial 3D CFD code captures heat losses at these surfaces by accounting for thermal radiation, natural convection, and, at the free surface, evaporative cooling. The time history of the simulated sidewall temperatures at three vertical locations closely matches published experimental measurements, confirming the model’s accuracy. Results highlight the critical role of evaporative cooling: omitting this mechanism significantly underpredicts the cooling rate. The potential influence of Marangoni convection is also evaluated and discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".