Development and evaluation of correlations between shear wave velocity and piezocone penetration test results on sand–silt mixtures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A detailed characterization of the shear wave velocity ( V s ) profile is essential for assessing the dynamic behavior and seismic design of geotechnical structures. A database of seismic piezocone test (SCPTU) results was compiled to develop empirical correlations for predicting V s of floodplain deposits with sand–silt mixtures at Jiangsu, China. Existing cone penetration test (CPT)– V s correlations for general soils proved inaccurate due to poor compatibility between the soil types and site-specific characteristics. In this study, new correlations were developed using SCPTU-derived parameters and evaluated through multiple performance indices including coefficient of determination, residuals, ratio, relative error, root mean square error, ranking index, ranking distance, and variable coefficient. The results indicated that the coefficient of correlation is highest for the combination of normalized cone tip resistance ( Q tn ) and soil behavior type index as per Jefferies and Davies ( I c, BJ ). Notably, the inclusion of the excess pore water pressure ratio ( B q ) in the I c, BJ formulation effectively captured partial drainage effects during CPT penetration. A newly built α-based criteria also gave consistent results with other performance indices. The proposed correlations were validated against V s values from SCPTU, conventional down-hole tests, and data from global sites such as New Zealand, confirming their reliability and applicability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".