Evaluating Cognitive Impairment in Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus Through Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is clinically characterized by the Hakim–Adams triad: gait disturbance, cognitive decline, and urinary incontinence. Cognitive impairment in iNPH predominates as a subcortical syndrome, with deficits in executive functions, psychomotor slowing, and memory inefficiency. However, the cognitive profile is heterogeneous and often overlaps with other neurodegenerative conditions, complicating differential diagnosis. This study investigated the cognitive features of iNPH using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), comparing 29 iNPH patients to 28 healthy controls. Demographic and neuroimaging parameters—such as Evans Index and Callosal Angle—were assessed. Results indicated significantly lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and RAVLT scores in iNPH patients compared to controls. Analysis of serial position effects revealed that, whereas healthy individuals exhibited typical primacy and recency effects in verbal memory, iNPH patients demonstrated a selective impairment of the primacy effect, likely reflecting hippocampal dysfunction. These findings underline the importance of detailed neuropsychological evaluation in differentiating iNPH from other dementias and suggest that damage to medial temporal lobe structures plays a prominent role in the verbal memory deficit observed in iNPH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".