Head and neck lymphedema after radiotherapy − Prevalence, changes and associated factors − a prospective observational cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Graphical Abstract: Head and neck lymphedema after radiotherapy - Prevalence, changes and associated factors - a prospective observational cohort study • Head and neck lymphedema is a common side effect after (chemo)radiotherapy. • The submental point shows the greatest change in head and neck lymphedema over time. • A low level of physical activity increases the risk of head and neck lymphedema. There is an increasing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) survivors living with treatment-related head and neck lymphedema (HNL). This study aimed to determine (i) the prevalence of external HNL, (ii) changes in HNL over a nine-month period post-treatment, and (iii) factors associated with HNL among patients with OPSCC treated with (chemo)radiotherapy. Fifty patients were recruited (mean age 64 years), where two thirds were male. HNL was assessed with a lymph scanner in seven facial points, and with a measuring tape at three levels, before treatment, and three and nine months post-treatment. Paired sample t -test was used to calculate changes in HNL and logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with HNL, including age, gender, BMI, physical activity, addition of chemotherapy and radiation dose. At three months post-treatment, 80 % of patients had HNL, which decreased to 69 % nine months post-treatment. The submental point was the most common location for HNL and showed the greatest change over the nine-month period. Differences in circumferential measurements were small. Low physical activity increased the odds of developing HNL (p = 0.011). HNL is a common side effect after (chemo)radiotherapy treatment. The changes in HNL at the submental point seem to be greatest while the changes in neck circumferential are small. Since a low level of physical activity increased the risk of developing HNL, it may be important to encourage physical activity in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".