Investigating the oxidative stress–vascular brain injury axis in mild cognitive impairment of the Alzheimer's type
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress may contribute to brain injury in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) can be assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Because the relationship between GSH and vascular brain injury is unknown in the AD continuum, we address this gap in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: 3T Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/MRS data were obtained from 31 patients with MCI. GSH and total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA; neuroaxonal integrity marker) were measured in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and frontal white matter (FWM). Cerebrovascular injury was assessed using white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume. Global and regional brain tissue integrity were assessed using normalized brain (NBV) and hippocampal volumes. RESULTS: Significant associations were reported in FWM between GSH/total creatine (tCr) and tNAA/tCr, and between GSH and both WMH and NBV. tNAA, GSH/tCr, and tNAA/tCr were higher in PCC than in FWM. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that oxidative stress contributes to vascular brain injury in MCI. HIGHLIGHTS: Neuronal, vascular, and oxidative injuries occur in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum. Glutathione (GSH) is the main endogenous antioxidant in the brain. Brain GSH can be measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We measured brain GSH level in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Low GSH level was associated with vascular brain injury, neuroaxonal damage, and atrophy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".