Bibliographic record
Abstract
Development of vocal responses to air-puff was analyzed in rats from postnatal day 2–65 with a special attention to first adult-type 22 kHz calls. Neonates and infants vocalized with stereotypic distress calls to cold air of the puff. Juveniles responded to air-puff with short, primitive 22 kHz calls, and adult rats produced species-typical 22 kHz vocalizations of at least three subtypes. It is hypothesized that the category of emitted vocalizations was dependent on the stage of the limbic system development. Emission of primitive 22 kHz calls by juveniles corresponds to activity of an ancient part of the limbic system. Based on the analysis of a large population of 22 kHz calls, it is proposed that there are three subtypes of 22 kHz aversive vocalizations in adult rats. (1) Short 22 kHz vocalizations (20–300 ms) are serving as warning calls or expressing frustration, uncertainty, and novelty testing. Duration of these calls is shortened at higher level of aversive arousal. (2) Medium duration, long 22 kHz vocalizations (300–1000 ms) are serving expression of alarm, anxiety, or potential danger. Duration of these calls is also shortened at higher level of aversive arousal. (3) Extra long duration 22 kHz vocalizations appear to stimuli defined as annoyers and is expressing annoyance, irritation, and exasperation. Duration of these calls is prolonged at higher level of aversive arousal and can reach the longest durations for 22 kHz vocalizations. All three subtypes of 22 kHz calls are associated with certain form of negative emotional state as uncertainty, discomfort, displeasure, and aversion. • Rats responded to air-puff at any age from PND 2–65. • Juveniles emitted primitive 22 kHz calls different than adult type. • Three subtypes of aversive 22 kHz vocalizations are proposed. • In addition to short and long calls, extra long calls are identified. • The extra long vocalizations express annoyance and irritation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".