Comprehensive safety assessment of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius OSTIA SALI-10
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rigid safety protocols are essential for the development of safe therapeutic agents, including probiotics. With the growing interest in probiotic use for oral health, it is crucial that these beneficial microorganisms adhere to stringent safety assessments, particularly concerning antibiotic resistance. In this study, we characterize Streptococcus salivarius OSTIA SALI-10, a novel strain isolated from the oral cavity of a healthy human adult and assess its safety profile through comprehensive genomic and phenotypic analyses. Although S. salivarius is generally considered a pioneer colonizer of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, not all strains are classified as safe due to potential antibiotic resistance, hemolytic activities, or virulence factors. To address this, we developed a screening methodology that targets antibiotic-resistance genes in this species including resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines. SALI-10 demonstrated susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics, ensuring compliance with probiotic safety standards. Additional phenotypic characterization, including carbohydrate fermentation, enzyme profiling, hemolytic activity testing, and biogenic amine production, further reinforced its safety profile. Genomic analysis verified the absence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factors, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) associated with ARGs. • Whole-genome analysis confirms the safety of S. salivarius SALI-10 as a probiotic. • Comprehensive screening shows no virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, or MGEs in S. salivarius SALI-10. • In vitro analysis confirmed the safety of S. salivarius SALI-10. • A new PCR method was developed to detect ARGs in S. salivarius . • A streamlined safety assessment pipeline provides a framework for evaluating probiotics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".