Superficial Vein Thrombosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Importance: Superficial vein thrombosis (SuVT) is characterized by thrombus in the superficial veins, typically in the lower or upper extremities, and has an estimated annual incidence of 64 to 131 per 100 000 person-years. Approximately 10% of patients with SuVT progress to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Observations: Endothelial injury (caused by infection or intravenous devices), venous stasis (such as from chronic venous insufficiency or prolonged immobility), and hypercoagulability (due to cancer or pregnancy) are pathophysiologic factors associated with SuVT. Clinical risk factors for lower extremity SuVT are similar to those of DVT and PE and include pregnancy, varicose veins, and active cancer. The incidence of SuVT is greater in females than males (78-167 compared with 49-116 per 100 000 person-years). In contrast with lower extremity SuVT, upper extremity SuVT is primarily caused by indwelling intravenous catheters. Patients typically present with a tender, red, palpable cord under the skin in the upper or lower extremity. D-dimer testing has a sensitivity of approximately 48% to 74.3% and, therefore, is not reliable for excluding SuVT. Approximately 25% of patients with lower extremity SuVT present with concomitant DVT, likely because risk factors for SuVT and DVT are similar and because SuVT can extend into deep veins. In people without classic symptoms and signs of SuVT, ultrasonography can establish the presence and extent of the thrombus. Management may include elastic compression stockings and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For patients with SuVTs that are at least 5 cm long or those with persistent or worsening symptoms despite several days of conservative therapy, treatment includes anticoagulation with fondaparinux 2.5 mg. Alternative anticoagulation treatment includes rivaroxaban 10 mg once daily and low-molecular-weight heparins (eg, enoxaparin 40 mg once daily), which may reduce subsequent venous thromboembolic events. SuVT located within 3 cm of a deep vein should be treated with therapeutic doses of anticoagulation such as direct oral anticoagulants. Conclusions and Relevance: SuVT typically presents as a tender, painful, palpable cord under the skin. Management may include elastic compression stockings, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and systemic anticoagulation with fondaparinux 2.5 mg or rivaroxaban 10 mg. SuVTs within 3 cm of a deep vein should be treated with therapeutic dose anticoagulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.079 | 0.035 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".