Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) In Childhood, A Warning Sign Of Bipolar Disorder?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Early-onset bipolar disorder (BD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have recently been the subject of a highly controversial debate, due to theories regarding the underlying pathophysiological processes and a clinical overlap of symptoms. Epidemiological data, clinical aspect, neuroimaging, neurochemical and genetic studies suggest that there may be a possible relationship between biological factors and clinical characteristics in the development of symptoms. Objectives Investigation of the prevalence of ADHD symptoms in bipolar patients compared to the control group.Investigating differences in age of onset, clinical presentation, and course of affective illness between bipolar disorder patients with childhood ADHD symptoms compared to those without childhood ADHD symptoms. Methods The study included 20 patients with bipolar disorder, hospitalized in the Psychiatric Hospital accompanied by their parents/relatives and 30 healthy controls (matched age, sex, socio-economic status) recruited through avalanche sampling in the Directorate of QSU “Mother Tereza”. The Abbreviated International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to identify cases with bipolar disorder or possible psychiatric pathology. The Diagnostic Interview for ADHD Adults (DIVA 2.0) was used to explore the presence of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and at the current age.Descriptive analysis in SPSS was used for data analysis. Results It resulted that 80% of bipolar patients had ADHD symptoms in childhood compared to 16.67% in the control group. The age of onset of bipolar disorder was 17.31 years earlier in the group of cases with history of ADHD in childhood compared to the age of 21.25 years in cases without ADHD in childhood. In cases with history of ADHD, 43.75% had longer duration of manic episodes/ hypomanic compared to 25% in the group of cases without childhood ADHD. The number of suicide attempts 1 or >1 was more frequent in patients with a history of ADHD (25% and 12.5 %) compared to cases without a history of ADHD (25 %). In psychotic symptoms during mania, it was found that in patients with a history of ADHD in childhood, the prevalence was higher (81.82%) compared to (50%) in those without a history of ADHD in childhood. The prevalence of adult ADHD in cases was 35% compared to controls 6.66%. Apparently, the number of cases with comorbid ADHD with impaired social/family functioning was higher compared with the group of controls with comorbid ADHD. Conclusions The associations of each clinical component of bipolar disorder with the presence or absence of ADHD in childhood were not statistically significant. However, it is worth noting that in complexity, the number of patients with more severe features of bipolar disorder is higher in cases with ADHD in childhood compared to cases without ADHD in childhood in our sample. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".