A confirmed case of social polygyny in Eastern Whip-poor-will ( <i>Antrostomus vociferus</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Birds that are typically socially monogamous occasionally engage in social polygyny. By investigating the circumstances and consequences of atypical social polygyny, we can expand knowledge on the flexibility of their social systems. The Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus) is a socially monogamous nightjar that breeds in the northeastern USA and eastern Canada. We studied Eastern Whip-poor-will nesting ecology within the alvar barrens regions of Jefferson County, NY, USA, by tracking individuals to nests with ground-based telemetry during the 2024 breeding season. After locating nests, we monitored them with continuous-recording video cameras. In July 2024, through a combination of telemetry tracking, video cameras, and direct observations, we confirmed that a radio-tagged male was paired with and concurrently attending nests of two females. A neighboring male had died earlier in the breeding season, which may have contributed to this instance of social polygyny. Nest camera data suggest that the male involved in polygyny reduced parental investment in at least one of the nests during egg incubation. Although the main social system of Eastern Whip-poor-wills is social monogamy, this case of social polygyny indicates that they may adopt non-monogamous systems in response to unexpected events during the breeding season.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".