Multiwavelength Characterization of Optical Wireless Communication in Complex Water-Filled Pipe Environment
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth investigation of optical wireless communication through water-filled PVC pipelines using high-brightness light-emitting diodes (HB-LEDs) operating at visible wavelengths: 475 nm (blue), 528 nm (green), 583 nm (yellow), and 625 nm (red). Simulations were conducted in Ansys Zemax OpticStudio using ray-tracing techniques and Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF) models to evaluate the effects of surface roughness, interface reflection, and wavelength-dependent absorption. A custom experimental setup was developed using a 375 mm long, 50 mm diameter PVC pipe and a Thorlabs S121C photodiode sensor to validate the simulation. Optical power was measured under five water fill conditions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Results show that the greatest transmission loss occurs at the 50% water level, where multiphase scattering dominates, with experimental power decreasing to −11.82 dBm at 583 nm (yellow). Full immersion improves transmission, with recovered power levels up to −2.3 dBm at 475 nm (blue). Absorption coefficients were calculated using the Beer–Lambert Law, with peak values exceeding 0.09 cm⁻¹ at 50% fill. Simulation results aligned with experimental measurements within 1–2 dB, validating the model’s reliability. These findings support the development of adaptive gain control strategies and wavelength-optimized optical links for autonomous robotic inspection in submerged or semi-submerged pipeline environments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it