Relationship Between Cognitive Function And Lower Extremity Performance In Older Adults With Mobility Limitations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Falls are a leading cause of injury, disability, and mortality in older adults. Physical and cognitive function are related risk factors for falls in older adults. However, the relationship between cognitive and physical function domains in older adults is less clear. PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between cognition and lower extremity physical function domains as it relates to fall risk in older adults METHODS: 83 older adults with limited mobility from the community or senior living facilities (age = 78.8 + 7.9; BMI = 27.8 + 6.4; females = 60%) completed neuropsychological assessments of global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), executive function (Trail Making Test B minus A), total recall (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) trials 1 through 5), learning (RAVLT trial 5 minus 1), and forgetting (RVLT trial 5 minus delayed recall). Participants also completed the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), which consists of three, 10-second standing tasks, a 4-meter walk test, and a 5-times sit-to-stand. Scores range from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating greater physical function. Pearson’s correlations determined the relationship between cognitive domains and SPPB scores. A linear regression with SPPB as the independent variable and cognitive domains as the dependent variables controlling for age, sex, race, BMI, and education was performed. RESULTS: There was a positive, significant relationship between total SPPB scores and global cognition (r = 0.54; p < .001), executive function (r = 0.58; p = 0.02), total recall (r = 0.63; p < .001), learning (r = 0.33; p = 0.02), and forgetting (r = 0.04; p = 0.25). When controlling for age, race, sex, BMI, and education, SPPB was significantly associated with global cognition (R2 = 0.24; β = 0.42; p < .001), executive function (R2 = 0.29; β = -0.27; p = 0.02), total recall (R2 = 0.36; β = 0.43; p < .001), and learning (R2 = 0.05; β = 0.31; p = 0.02), but not forgetting (R2 = 0.02; β = -0.15; p = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Worse lower extremity function is associated with declines in global cognition, executive function, total recall, and learning in older adults with limited mobility. Interventions improving lower extremity function may also improve areas of executive function, recall, and learning to reduce fall risk in older adults with limited mobility. Supported by: Georgia State University/Augusta University Seed Award
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".