Serum P-Cresyl Sulfate Is Associated with Peripheral Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Arterial stiffness is a major cardiovascular risk factor in patients with hemodialysis (HD). We conducted a cross-sectional study aimed at determining the relationship between serum p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS) and peripheral arterial stiffness (PAS), defined via the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), in 110 patients receiving chronic HD. Methods: Participants were divided into PAS (CAVI ≥ 9.0) and control (CAVI < 9.0) groups. Serum PCS level was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: PAS was detected in 37 (33.6%) patients. The PAS patients were older and had higher SBP, more diabetes, and higher serum PCS and C-reactive protein (CRP) than the control group. Upon multivariate analysis, PAS was significantly associated with PCS (adjusted odds ratio: 1.238 per 1 mg/L increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.119–1.371, p < 0.001). The CAVI, advanced age, and CRP demonstrated a significant correlation with PCS, as evidenced by the correlation analysis conducted. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that PCS had a good diagnostic value for PAS (AUC: 0.872, 95% CI: 0.805–0.939; p < 0.001), and the optimal cutoff value was 24.29 mg/L. Conclusions: PCS demonstrates great potential as a biomarker in the diagnosis of arterial stiffness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".