Effect Of Inspiratory Muscle Training On Respiratory Muscle Metaboreflex During Resistive Breathing: Influence Of Sex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) during inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL) is greater in young adult males compared to females. Pressure threshold inspiratory muscle training (PT-IMT) attenuates MAP during IPTL in males, and this reduction persists after 5 wk of detraining (DT). Given that males have a greater MAP during IPTL than females, they may show a larger training response to PT-IMT. PURPOSE: To determine whether PT-IMT attenuates MAP during IPTL to a greater degree in males than females and remains low after DT. METHODS: Healthy participants (4 M, 5F; 25 ± 3 y) were instrumented with balloon catheters to measure esophageal, gastric, and transdiaphragmatic pressures. Participants performed IPTL (60% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), 0.7 inspiratory duty cycle, 15 breaths/min) until volitional exhaustion while beat-by-beat blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured. Participants performed PT-IMT (2 sets of 30 breaths at 50% MIP) 5 times/wk for 5 wk. MIP was assessed on a weekly basis to adjust training load. After 5 wk of PT-IMT and 5 wk of DT, participants repeated the baseline measurements. RESULTS: PT-IMT adherence was 95% (range = 86-100%) and MIP significantly increased (F = +16cmH2O, M = +27cmH2O, p < 0.05), and remained elevated after DT (F = +8cmH2O, M = +22cmH2O, p < 0.05). Pulmonary function, HR, and pressure-time product of respiratory pressures during IPTL were unaltered by PT-IMT (p > 0.05). Time-to-exhaustion (TTE) during IPTL increased from pre-to post-training (F = +27.8 min, M = +18.0 min, p < 0.05) and remained elevated after DT (F = +13.7 min, M = +10.2 min, p < 0.05). Using a linear mixed-effects model, the MAP during IPTL at the highest iso-time was significantly reduced post training (F = -5.1 mmHg, M = -12.2 mmHg, p < 0.05) and DT (F = -2.7 mmHg, M = -9.6 mmHg, p < 0.05). Males showed a larger attenuation of the MAP slope to IPTL after PT-IMT (-11.7 mmHg/%TTE, p < 0.05) compared to females (-5.4 mmHg/%TTE, p < 0.05). After DT, MAP during IPTL in males rose (+2.2 mmHg/%TTE, p < 0.05), whereas females maintained their MAP response (+1.1 mmHg/%TTE, p > 0.05) compared to post training. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that females and males reduce their MAP during IPTL after PT-IMT. However, the inherent attenuation of MAP to IPTL in females lessens their adaptation to PT-IMT compared to males. Supported by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".