Harbor geoarchaeology and urban change in the ancient Knidia (SW Türkiye)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relationship between the two major centers on the Datça Peninsula at Burgaz and Knidos—and the potential shift in population and centrality from one to the other around the 4 th c. BCE—casts a long shadow over the history of the region known in antiquity as the Knidia. What prompted the shift remains unclear in the historical records, but it must have represented a strategic collective decision and major civic investment. Underwater archaeological excavations revealed a 3-m stratigraphic section in the earliest harbor basin of Burgaz, offering a window into the environmental context in which Burgaz flourished and gave way to Knidos at the tip of the peninsula. This study investigates whether socio-environmental systems contributed to this shift, focusing on changes in natural conditions and lead contamination. Anthropogenic lead excesses reveal a first isotopic fingerprint of exogenous lead, linked to central Greece and the Cyclades before the 2 nd c. BCE. Knidos, strategically located at the intersection of Aegean and eastern Mediterranean and Levantine maritime routes, served as a pivotal hub in these networks. During the Roman centuries that followed, though, the source of lead reoriented towards the northern Aegean, offering a new window into potential changes in Knidos's function as an intermediary hub in the emerging imperial trade system. Following the foundation of the city, the basin was excavated around 2600 cal BP, after which it experienced a twofold increase in seafloor aggradation due to the creation of new accommodation space and increased terrigenous inputs driven by Burgaz's pivotal role in the region's agricultural economy. Despite the development of other facilities at Burgaz, Knidos, and elsewhere along the coast, the maintenance of this original harbor continued, with a second dredging phase in Late Antiquity. This may reflect a deliberate effort to sustain a multi-scale harbor system across the peninsula.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".