Observations of traveling ionospheric disturbances driven by gravity waves from sources in the upper and lower atmosphere
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The observed traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are attributed to atmospheric gravity waves generated by auroral sources in the lower thermosphere or gravity waves generated in the troposphere by midlatitude weather systems. TIDs are observed by the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR), the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), multipoint and multifrequency continuous Doppler sounders, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers using the total electron content (TEC) mapping technique. At high latitudes, the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere–thermosphere coupling modulates the dayside ionospheric convection and currents, the source of the equatorward-propagating TIDs. The horizontal equivalent ionospheric currents are estimated from the ground-based magnetometer data using an inversion technique. At midlatitudes, the eastward- to southeastward-propagating medium-scale TIDs that were observed by the high-frequency (HF) Doppler sounding system, as well as in the detrended TEC, are attributed to gravity waves that are generated by geostrophic adjustment processes and shear instability in the intensifying low-pressure systems and are identified in the stratosphere using the ERA5 meteorological reanalysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".