Psychological, Emotional, and Neuropsychological Sequelae of Child Victims of Domestic Violence: A Review of the Literature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Domestic violence is a global health problem with many consequences for mental health in children. Children's exposure to domestic violence often begins at or before birth. This article highlights a summary of existing current evidence regarding psychopathological, emotional, and neuropsychological sequelae of domestic violence in child victims. Searches were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines in PubMed, PsycNet, Google Scholar and Scopus to identify peer-reviewed articles reporting domestic violence and psychological, emotional and neuropsychological sequelae, yielding a final selection of 32 studies that met the inclusion criteria: (1) studies published in English; (2) carried out between 2000 and 2024; (3) reporting quantitative data, measuring their quality with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The results obtained were grouped into three tables with references, where the findings consistently indicated that children exposed to domestic violence suffer negative consequences that vary depending on the degree or magnitude of the violence to which they are exposed. Direct victims showed a greater degree of internalizing and externalizing problems, anxiety-depressive symptoms, emotional dysfunction, victimization, traumatic symptoms and problems in executive functions and cognitive performance compared to those children who had only witnessed the violence. We have also provided indications for future research and clinical practice because the data extracted from this review help to understand the consequences of experiencing or witnessing domestic violence, as well as the importance of early identification and intervention. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-025-00746-6.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.016 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".